2.1.2. DEFINITIONS

Peer assessment. Peer assessment can be defined as an activity whereby students judge their peers’ performance or understanding (Alqassab & Panadero, 2022; Hoo, Deneen & Boud, 2022). Darvishi, Khosravi, Sadiq and Gašević (2022) also specify that it encompasses the specification of “the level, value, or quality of a product or performance of other equal-status learners” (Topping, 2009, p. 20). It can concern a wide range of student-generated outputs (e.g., oral presentations, essays, portfolios, etc.) and assume multiple formats, i.e.: i) online or in-person, ii) individual (1:1) or group-to-group, iii) open or blinded, etc.

Constructive feedback.  Defined as the provision of prompt and opportune reviews or learning suggestions, based on specific tasks or assignments, constructive feedback involves the identification of problem areas, encouraging questioning, and the provision of possible suggestions and/or solutions. In digital settings this feedback can be measured and facilitated by the use of specific tools. (Ching, 2014; Chen, Hung & Fang, 2015).