Glossary

Learning outcomes can be described as statements or explanations of what a learner will know, understand and will be able to do because of engaging in and successfully completing a series of learning activities. By the definition, learning outcomes encompass the following elements: attitudes, behaviors, skills, and values. (Biggs and Tang, 2007). 

The idea of learning-oriented assessment relates to assessment strategy which puts the main weight on the prospective knowledge gained by assessment. The validation comes from the two-prong approach of reorienting the possibilities gained by a purposely created summative assessment in addition to constructing development from a series of assessments (Carless, 2015).